(A post summarizing recent US science-related events will be coming later. For now, here is my promised post about multiferroics, inspired in part by a recent visit to Rice by Yoshi Tokura.)
Electrons carry spins and therefore magnetic moments (that is, they can act in some ways like little bar magnets), and as I was teaching undergrads this past week, under certain conditions some of the electrons in a material can spontaneously develop long-range magnetic order. That is, rather than being, on average, randomly oriented, instead below some critical temperature the spins take on a pattern that repeats throughout the material. In the ordered state, if you know the arrangement of spins in one (magnetic) unit cell of the material, that pattern is repeated over many (perhaps all, if the system is a single domain) the unit cells. In picking out this pattern, the overall symmetry of the material is lowered compared to the non-ordered state. (There can be local moment magnets, when the electrons with the magnetic moments are localized to particular atoms; there can also be itinerant magnets, when the mobile electrons in a metal take on a net spin polarization.) The most famous kind of magnetic order is ferromagnetism, when the magnetic moments spontaneously align along a particular direction, often leading to magnetic fields projected out of the material. Magnetic materials can be metals, semiconductors, or insulators.
In insulators, an additional kind of order is possible, based on electric polarization, P. There is subtlety about defining polarization, but for the purposes of this discussion, the question is whether the atoms within each unit cell bond appropriately and are displaced below some critical temperature to create a net electric dipole moment, leading to ferroelectricity. (Antiferroelectricity is also possible.) Again, the ordered state has lower symmetry than the non-ordered state. Ferroelectric materials have some interesting applications.
BiFeO3, a multiferroic antiferromagnet, image from here. |
Multiferroics are materials that have simultaneous magnetic order and electric polarization order. A good recent review is here. For applications, obviously it would be convenient if both the magnetic and polarization ordering happened well above room temperature. There can be deep connections between the magnetic order and the electric polarization - see this paper, and this commentary. Because of these connections, the low energy excitations of multiferroics can be really complicated, like electromagnons. Similarly, there can be combined "spin textures" and polarization textures in such materials - see here and here. Multiferroics raise the possibility of using applied voltages (and hence electric fields) to flip P, and thus toggle around M. This has been proposed as a key enabling capability for information processing devices, as in this approach. These materials are extremely rich, and it feels like their full potential has not yet been realized.